Essay on The Feminist Movement and Domestic Violence

Feminism has not changed today, but its focus has changed. Many women today have good education and employment opportunities just like men, as the early feminist fought for them. Now, after getting all these, men are now discriminating them and at times abusing them in order to undermine their hard work and potentiality. Men are doing all they can to undermine the success women have been able to acquired, however, today’s feminism is struggling to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment, and rape as well as discrimination. Today, the feminist movement has grown and is still growing as women around the globe have joined hands in the fight against inequality. Even though a lot has changed, all feminists, despite†¦show more content†¦Feminism is not about female superiority as many assert, and today, most men claim that women want to be superior to men especially after the fight changed to fighting against discrimination and equal chances in employment for women. In conclusion, women have made a critical improvement to the circumstances in their lives through feminism. Primarily, men used to run everything as they considered themselves superior to women, but through feminism movements, women have been able to acquire equal rights to men, and are still striving to acquire more rights that men take for granted. Feminism is a philosophy that has helped women to acquire equal rights in the society. In addition, feminism is gaining equal opportunities and rights for both men and women, and allowing women to have control of their lives, and the women have achieved this. Feminism had a huge impact on the lives and roles of women in the society. Many women got sick of the strict home life that had been implicated on them by men. They got tired of staying at home and taking care of the family and domestic chores as their only work and decided enough is enough, things had to change. Women wanted equality between men and women in addition to equal oppor tunities in education, and employment opportunities. Feminism has played a great role on the everyday role of women in theShow MoreRelatedBritish Governments Action in Addressing the Problem of Domestic Violence1144 Words   |  5 Pages Domestic Violence is defined by the Home Office as, ‘any violence between current and former partners in an intimate relationship, wherever and whenever the violence occurs. The violence may include physical, sexual, emotional and financial abuse’ (Home Office 2003, p. 6). The Safety and Justice consultation paper also highlights that, ‘domestic violence occurs across society, regardless of age, gender, race, sexuality, wealth and geography. However, it is predominantly Read MoreFeminism Throughout History1698 Words   |  7 Pageswomen to achieve their dreams of feminism. 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Negative Affects of Hip-Hop Music free essay sample

Nantucket Hip-hop music has been an integral part of the American culture since the sass. Hip-hop music, which encompasses rapping, disc Jockeying. Break dancing, and graffiti writing, has become so popular that American culture has adopted the music in mainstream fashion and modern language. The conflict on whether hip-hop music Is art or poison has been continuous. Some Americans support hip-hop as an essential art form, while others dispute that hip-hop has harmful effects on the American culture. The culture associated with the music has drastically changed.The marketing executives frequently seek out the hip-hop artists for promotional purposes because of their widespread audience. In todays culture, hip-hop music affects the youth population above all. Hip-hop music has negatively affected the American culture, primarily the youth, by promoting illegal activities, violent behavior, and sexual promiscuity. Young Americans are highly attracted to the illegal activities promoted by hip-hop music. Statistically, most young people purchase the music, and adopt the lifestyle portrayed In the lyrics. Through television, music videos, and other usual media forms, hip-hop artists are portraying negative stereotypes and acing In a manner that promotes corruption. These negative messages condone the illegal use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Hip-hop artists such as Cash Money and most recently Rick Ross promotes usage and the sale of Illegal substances. Subsequently, the American youth Imitates these artists because the wealth, status. And lifestyle lure them in like a hypnotism spell. Acquiring the flashy lifestyle sometimes pays a price not only to the individuals seeking it, but the American society as well.For example, a popular urban television show called The Wire mainly depicts the youth as drug dealers. In the television show, these young people get led toward more dangerous lifestyle starting with selling drugs on the corner. On a larger scale these drug activities continue to cater to the high percentage of drug addicts in America, consequently resulting in children entering foster care, and financial misery. High percentage In violence rose directly parallel to the rise In popularity of hip-hop music. When hip-hop music emerged in the sass, theAmerican people did not foresee the growth and influence the music would gain. First, during the popularization of Hip-Hop in the latenesss, music artists such as Ice- T and Public Enemy used this art form to express their frustration with the American political system. Thus, this artist quickly turned the music into poison for the American culture resulting in rise in violence. Ice-T wanted to take a stance against the corrupt in American society, but ended up negatively adding to the situation, and driving the youth to murder white police officers.Secondly, NNW Insignias With Attitude), another popular hip-hop group, comes to mind when examining violence in Ame rican hip-hop culture. Anas controversial lyrics consist of topics such as gang banging, drive-by shootings, and police confrontations. For Instance, two of the most admired hip-hop artists, Tuba Shaker and Christopher Wallace were killed In drive-by shootings, which Influenced gang activity, the source of a large percentage of violence in America. The Bloods and Crisps, two large gang groups, were linked to the murders of these music artists.The American youth were annotation shown through hip-hop music is popular in the media, but the attention quickly shifts to the women. According to societys traditional views, women are held as pure and virtuous character, but music artists acknowledge women to be sexually promiscuous. If you pick up a magazine, the first image seen will be provocatively dressed women on the front cover. Sexual promiscuity is celebrated in American culture. Most Hip-Hop music videos are required to have Mode girls on set shaking their buttocks, portraying prostitutes, or stripers wearing less than nothing.While these women are looked upon as sex symbols, the hip-hop lyrics also describe sexual actions that degrade women. For example, a popular r song, Tip Drill by Newly described and depicted humiliating acts. As Newly slides a credit card down a females buttocks, he raps these lyrics, you looking good in them shorts but they look better on the floor. The women are highly affected by the hip-hop music that they subject themselves to these degrading acts. This explicit and humiliating image was banded from daytime television to ensure young people did not get influenced y these images.Another action was taken by society through an initiative called taking back the music. This initiative emphasizes the importance of eliminating detrimental images of women and focuses more on music content that view them in a positive light. Obviously, these initiatives did not work because the images have gotten worse and lyrics are more and more derogatory. Hip-hop music has negatively affected the American culture where as there will always be a high demand for drug dealers, crime rate increase, and demeaning lyrics and videos toward women.Though hip-hop is definitely not the only cause, it does not help. If there are some minor changes in artists lyrics and stricter censorship regulations, subsequently, the American youth would not be subjected to such negative views. Also, if other hip-hop artists would follow suit the negative effects would improve. As long as artists realize they have a responsibility to their fans to advocate a positive outlook and good values; there is no doubt that there would be a decrease in usage and selling of drugs, violent crimes, and sexually explicit images of women.

Stay (performance at the Grammys) by Rihanna free essay sample

Rihanna Stuns at the Grammys With a dress code issued by CBS the night before the Grammys on February 9th 2013, many were wary of what Rihanna would be wearing (or lack thereof). Deemed â€Å"the poster child for bad choices† by Rolling Stone magazine; she has always been the center of controversy in regards to both her personal and professional life. Recently causing public outrage for rekindling a romance with Chris Brown after their relationship had suffered a violent altercation. Rihanna was brutally beaten by Chris Brown four years prior on the eve of â€Å"music’s biggest night†. The twenty four year old performer is criticized for being overtly sexual in terms of fashion choices, shameless glorification of marijuana and the content of her song lyrics (Eells 32). Case in point her popular single SM details her personal preferences of fetishes. It’s safe to say the audience was expecting an R rated performance by the Barbadian native, but Rihanna stun ned the audience in a surprising non-offensive manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Stay (performance at the Grammys) by Rihanna or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In what appeared to be a demure version of the singer, Rihanna was dressed in a form fitting black Alaia dress complimented with sultry red lips. She had heavily watered down her sex appeal for the night, garnering even more attention. One would say this was a conservative look for the normally scantily clad performer. Supplementary visual aids such as dancers, pyrotechnics and background singers were absent from the backdrop for of the performance. With a deserted black stage all eyes were on Rihanna. The music from the live band is haunting, but not over powering as the pianist plays the instrumentals of the gentle ballad Stay. Rihanna begins to sing and the audience grows quiet. Stay is an emotional final plea to once former lover Chris Brown. (Brown was in the audience and attended the event with Rihanna by his side.) While performing she seems over flooded by emotion when she sings; â€Å"Ohhh the reason I hold on, ohhh cause I need this hole gone. Funny youre the broken one but Im the only one who needed saving.?Cause when you never see the lights its hard to know which one of us is caving† (Stay). The lyrics were autobiographical acknowledging her inability to stay away from Chris Brown, as well as the public’s opinion of the two. Displayed in a distorted manner portrayal by the media, their relationship has suffered heavy public disproval. Often Rihanna is portrayed as a victim of Chris Brown’s manipulation and abuse, unable to escape his antics. It is a claim that she firmly denies, although she admits to the turbulent relationship the two have shared with â€Å"Round and around and around and around we go† (Stay). During the performance it seemed as if Rihanna’s plea was not solely directed at Chris Brown alone but the naysayers as well. The genuine emotion exuded from Rihanna seemed to have silenced the criticism and presence of heavy judgment in the air. Often during the performance of the song she seems to wince in pan, further adding to the audience’s awareness of the emotional significance of the song. Lyrical content was not the only element that contributed to the strength of Rihanna’s performance. The body language of the performer was a far cry from the Rihanna we are familiar with. A vulnerable version of Rihanna had surfaced sans suggestive choreography. The artist was reserved, avoiding eye contact with the camera and audience by shutting her eyes for the most part. Occasionally she was caught wrapping her arms around herself in a protective manner. Perhaps it hinted Rihanna’s discomfort with appearing vulnerable, which she had expressed in interviews (Rihanna). As she continued to belt out the lyrics to the ballad, Rihanna seemed clouded by the thoughts of her love troubles. The audience appeared entranced by the songstress, intrigued by her new demure persona. Seeming very self aware Rihanna constantly adjusts her hair and smoothes the fabric of her dress, adding an element of realism to the performance. Had Rihanna sung with her typical confident demeanor, the performance would have seemed over rehearsed and insincere. The song needed to be delivered with honest, raw and unfiltered emotion in order to resonate with the audience, which was a requirement Rihanna fulfilled. The intent of the performance was made very clear. Rihanna expresses the emptiness she felt when she was torn away from Chris Brown, although the public was content with the decision she suffered a great emotional loss in his absence. Stay was an unapologetic proclamation of her adoration for Brown to the world. Rihanna expressed her indifference to the public backlash and repercussions for her relationship. Rather than express her frustration with critique via twitter rants (Rihanna), she took a passive aggressive approach to silence her critics. The performance was also a personal request to Brown, insisting that they stay together and work out their issues. Rihanna’s Grammy performance highly contrasted the performance of pop music icon Beyonce at the Super bowl half-time show a week earlier. Knowles is celebrated in the music industry for her talent as an all around performer and scandal free image. Sharing a successful private marriage with music mogul Jay-Z, People magazine’s current â€Å"Most Beautiful Woman in the World† is beloved on a global level. Donning a lacy black leather mini dress, Beyonce delivered her twelve-minute half-time show with back-up dancers, pyrotechnics, a brief reunion with Destiny’s Child and upbeat dancing (Arnold 2013). Knowles’s performance left the audience speechless of her sheer perfection, while Rihanna’s performance was confessional and aired out her flaws. Sure, we all wanted to be Beyonce and bask in her glory at the Super bowl, but our hearts were tenderized by Rihanna’s vulnerability. Rihanna’s rendition of Stay was by far one of her best performances to date. The songstress proves that she does not require skimpy ensembles to secure the audience’s attention. All she needs is a stage and a microphone. Works Cited Arnold, Chuck. Beyonces Halftime Performance Was Divalicious Hooftastic. People. People magazine, 4 Feb. 2013. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. . Eells, Josh. Relentless pop juggernaut or poster child for bad choices?† Rolling Stone 14 Feb. 2013. Print. Stay. Perf. Rihanna, Mikky Ekko. Staples Centre, California. 9 Feb. 2013. Performance. Rihanna. Oprah’s Next Chapter. Oprah Winfrey Network. Chicago.16 Aug. 2012. Television. Fenty, Robyn. â€Å"SM† Loud. Def Jam, 2010. CD.

Death and Dying a Muslims Perspective Essays

Death and Dying a Muslims Perspective Essays Death and Dying a Muslims Perspective Essay Death and Dying a Muslims Perspective Essay Essay Topic: As I Lay Dying JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE Volume 91 March 1 998 Death and dying-a Muslim perspective Aziz Sheikh MRCP MRCGP J R Soc Med 1998;91:138-140 The care of dying patients and their relatives is one of the most difficult aspects of a doctors job. Enabling an individual to die with dignity can also be deeply rewarding. Britain today is a cosmopolitan society made up of people from numerous religious and cultural traditions. The care of patients with backgrounds different from ones own requires knowledge and skills. There are approximately 2 million Muslims in the UK1. Although most originate from he Indian subcontinent2 substantial numbers have arrived recently from Africa and to a lesser extent Central Europe. Islamic Law (Shariah) is based on the Quran and Hadith (the practices and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad)3. The Shariah defines certain expected behaviours at the time of death and these are generally adhered to by Muslims in Britain. In this pape r I offer some guidance on caring for Muslim patients in their final illness. MUSLIM BELIEF REGARDING DEATH, ABORTION AND EUTHANASIA For a Muslim, death marks the transition from one state of existence to the next. Islam teaches that life on earth is an examination-the life to come is the eternal abode where one will reap the fruit of ones endeavours on earth. Death is therefore not to be resisted or fought against, but rather something to be accepted as part of the overall divine plan4. Further, death is not a taboo subject in Muslim society and is a matter upon which one is encouraged to reflect frequently. In counselling of Muslims regarding a terminal illness, or relatives after a bereavement, these points should be borne in mind. Islam views life as sacred and a trust from God (Allah). Termination of pregnancy is therefore generally not permissible within the Islamic frameworks. If the subject needs to be broached this should be done with extreme sensitivity. To step outside the Islamic framework and have an abortion may engender much guilt. Similarly, deliberate euthanasia is prohibited6. Note, however, that undue suffering has no place in Islam and if death is hastened in the process of giving adequate analgesia then this is allowed. What is important is that the primary intent is not to hasten death. THE FINAL ILLNESS Certain death customs are almost universally practised by Muslims. Ideally Muslims would wish to die at home7. Making death clinical and remote in a hospital setting is not in keeping with the Islamic tradition. The dying person will expect to be visited by friends and relatives, who are encouraged to pray for his or her welfare in the life to come. This is a time when Muslims seek each others forgiveness for excesses that may have been inadvertently committed. Fifty people visiting in the space of a few days would not be exceptional; so strict adherence to 2 visitors per bed will cause difficulty for all concerned. Members of the immediate family will often stay by the bedside reciting from the Quran. Having a copy of the Quran on the ward, for those who have not remembered to bring their own, is a kindness. The daily prayers play a pivotal role in the day-to-day life of a Muslim, and prayer assumes an even greater role in times of suffering and distress. Family members will encourage the dying to continue with their prayers as long as they are able to do so. Before the prayer, ablution is performed; bed-bound patients will need help in this respect. Muslims pray towards Mecca, which is to the outh-east of Britain. Again for the bed-bound, positioning the bed in the direction of Mecca will simplify matters. Having a compass and prayer timetable available would be very useful; a prayer timetable is easily available from most local mosques. Many of the visitors and relatives will also need to perform their prayers and, unfortunately, hospitals seldom cater for this need8. DEATH, WASHING AND BURIA L When a Muslim dies, the eyes and mouth should be closed and the limbs should be straightened. The body should ideally face in the direction of Mecca. It is a religious equirement that the dead be buried as soon as possible and considerable family distress can be avoided by speedy production of the death certificate. The body will be washed and shrouded in simple unsewn pieces of white cloth. A funeral prayer is held in the local mosque, and family and community members follow the funeral procession to the graveyard where a final prayer is said as 138 the deceased is laid to rest. Events occur in rapid succession Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, Imperial College School of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1 PG, UK JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE Volume 91 March 1998 and often the dead will be buried within 24 hours. The Muslim is always buried rather than cremated9. POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTS When new issues arise that are not explicitly dealt with in the Shariah, Muslim jurists are required to study the issue in question and using the principles enshrined within the Quran and Hadith give a legal opinion (fatwa). A fatwa is an opinion and therefore not binding; thus one can expect a broad range of views on a given question, and this is true of post-mortem examinations and organ transplantation. The majority opinion is that post-mortem examinations are not allowed. One reason is that the examination will inevitably delay the burial. Secondly, Islamic belief holds that it may be possible for the deceased to perceive pain. This is based on the statement of the Prophet Muhammad that to break the bone of a dead person is like breaking the bone of a living person10. A small but growing minority hold that post-mortem examinations are permissible11. Where the law of the land demands post-mortem examinations-i. e. at the coroners request-Muslims have no choice but to comply. In this case informing the coroners officer that the deceased is a Muslim may speed up the process since many coroners are aware of Muslim sensitivities. If for any other reason a post-mortem examination is considered desirable, family members must be told they have a free choice in the matter and their views must be respected. With regard to organ transplants opinion is more divided. For the reasons cited above many oppose the donating of organs. Further, it is argued that since life is a trust one has no right to donate any part of ones body to someone else. An increasing number of Muslims, however, are of the view that, in cases where it may save life, organ donation is permissible on the basis of the Islamic doctrine that necessity allows the prohibited12. CASE HISTORIES I close by offering two examples of poor practice and one of good. Case I A married genetics student attended the antenatal bookingin clinic in her first pregnancy. A routine dating ultrasound scan revealed that the fetus had increased nuchal thickness. Suspecting a diagnosis of Downs syndrome her consultant referred her to a tertiary centre for further investigations. Here she was followed up with serial ultrasound scans which revealed various congenital malformations that were considered incompatible with life. She was repeatedly a less than 1% chance of survival. This she consistently declined, stating that abortion was against her faith. Ultrasound monitoring continued until 34 weeks when she spontaneously went into labour. The baby, stillborn, was named and buried and is frequently visited by family members. Case 2 The parents of Zahra (not her real name), a 12-year-old girl with a progressive neurodegenerative disease, were invited o attend for a consultation to discuss their daughters prognosis. The consultant responsible for Zahras care informed them that she had deteriorated considerably over the past few months and that she was likely to deteriorate further in the near future. Throughout the discussion it was emphasized that Zahra had led a fruitful life, and that maximum effort would be made to ensure that she was kept pain-free. The ses sion was predominantly doctor-led, with the family being given little opportunity to discuss their hopes and fears. It ended with the clear message that Zahras end was imminent. She died shortly afterwards. Despite the best intentions of the clinician concerned, his lack of awareness of Muslim perspectives on the subject of death and dying led to a dysfunctional consultation. Though the issues raised by the consultant are frequently of great concern to those of a secular belief framework, they are of lesser concern to Muslims. Death is not seen as the end but rather as a passage into the eternal life. With regard to the impending or actual death of a child, it is customary to comfort the family by reminding them that children are ure and innocent, and hence have Paradise assured to them in the life to come. For a Muslim, there is no greater achievement. Case 3 A woman in her late 70s was admitted to hospital with pneumonia. It had been her third admission with the same condition in as many months. Tired and weak she had lost the will to continue and had stopped eating and drinking. After a few days of intensive treatment with little sign of improvement the consultant communed with family members regarding further management. A joint decision was made to suspend active treatment and to let nature take its course. She was kept comfortable with analgesia and regular mouthwashes. The family were given open visiting access and there remained someone with her at all times. When she died a few days later the necessary paperwork was completed immediately and she was buried within 12 hours. KEY MESSAGES *Muslims have beliefs and rituals surrounding death that advised to have a termination on the basis that the baby had are poorly understood by the medical profession. Greater 139 IJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE Volume 91 March 1998 understanding and sensitivity in this respect would help ase suffering and distress both to patient and family. *Visiting the sick and dying is a religious duty. Muslims dying in hospital may therefore have many visitors. Relaxation of hospital visiting regulations would facilitate this. * Prompt issue of the death certificate will allow the burial to take place rapidly, in keeping with Islamic Law. * Post-mortem examinations are generally prohibited. In the event of a post-mortem being desirable or necessary, this should be discussed fully with the family, who should be informed of their rights. * On organ transplantation, mixed views are expressed by he Muslim community in Britain. REFERENCES 1 Qureshi B. Transcultural Medicine Dealing with Patients from Different Cultures. London: Kluwer, 1989:161 2 Badawi Z. Islam in Britain. London: Ta Ha Publishers, 1981:10 3 Doi AR. Shariah: The Islamic Law. London: Ta Ha Publishers, 1984:21- 58 4 Neuberger J. Caring for Dying Patients of DjJerent Faiths, 2nd edn. London: Mosby, 1994:36 5 Ebrahim AF. Abortion, Birth Control and Surrogate Parenting-An Islamic Perspective. Indianapolis: American Trust Publication, 1989:67-77 6 Darsh SM. Islamic Health Rules. London: Ta Ha Publishers, 1986:11-12 7 Gartrad AR. Muslim customs surrounding death, bereavement, postmortem examinations, and organ transplants. BMJ 1994;309:521-3 8 Sheikh A. Quiet room is needed in hospitals for prayer and reflection. BMJ 1997;315:1625 9 Black J. Broaden your mind about death and bereavement in certain ethnic groups in Britain. BMJ 1987;295:538 10 Al-Asqalani AIH. Bulugh Al-Maram. Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996:199-200 11 Risper-Chaim V. The ethics of postmortem examinations in contemporary Islam. J Med Ethics 1993;19: 164-8 12 Anon. The Muslim Law (Shariah) Council and organ transplants. Accident Emerg Nursing 1996;4:73-5 140

Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday Essay Example for Free

Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday Essay Bill Crow’s Jazz Anecdotes is a thought-provoking, often amusing collection of stories from within jazz’s inner circles, told by and about some of the genre’s leading figures. While not a history of jazz, it gives readers some insights to how jazz artists worked, lived, bonded, and coped with an America in which many were still outsiders. The book’s forty-three chapters (expanded from the original 1990 edition) describe the life jazz musicians shared, offering insights into a rather exclusive, unconventional circle of performing artists. The numerous anecdotes are categorized by chapters, gathering related tales and moving from a general overview of jazz life to anecdotes about individuals, like Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, and Benny Goodman. Essentially, Crow creates a context in which jazz musicians lived, and then places individual musicians within it, giving readers a better understanding of how they functioned in this rarified climate. For example, the volume opens with â€Å"Wild Scenes,† which Crow says describes how â€Å"the individuality of jazz musicians combines with the capricious world in which they try to make a living† (Crow 3). The brief chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book, giving glimpses of the unconventional world jazz musicians inhabited (which explains to some degree their relationship to society at large). â€Å"The Word ‘Jazz’† contains attempts to explain the origins of the genre’s name, and â€Å"Inventions† offers accounts of how certain innovations occurred (such as Dizzy Gillespie’s distinctive bent trumpet), giving the reader a sense of history though the work is not an orthodox history per se. Many of the stories contained in Jazz Anecdotes convey the musicians’ camaraderie and warmth toward each other, as well as each other’s idiosyncrasies. Others convey how difficult and often arbitrary the jazz lifestyle often was. â€Å"Hiring and Firing† demonstrates how unstable many musicians’ careers were, rife with disputes over money or dismissals for their personal quirks. (For example, Count Basie fired Lester Young for refusing to participate in recording sessions occurring on the 13th of any month. ) â€Å"Managers, Agents, and Bosses† offers a glimpse into the seamier underside of jazz, where dishonest managers and mobsters often trapped jazz performers in unfair contracts or worse. Though jazz musicians appear to inhabit a special world, Crow does not discuss jazz in a social vacuum, tying it to social phenomena like race relations. In â€Å"Prejudice,† the tales take a more serious tone by showing how black jazz artists faced abundant racism, particularly in the South. However, Crow notes that â€Å"Jazz helped to start the erosion of racial prejudice in America . . . [because] it drew whites and blacks together into a common experience† (Crow 148). Jazz artists dealt with racism in various ways – Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday stood up to it while Zutty Singleton accepted it. Meanwhile, even white musicians like Stan Smith angered both races – whites for performing with blacks, and blacks for â€Å"intruding on their music† (Crow 152). The final chapters focus on individual artists, illustrating the greats’ personalities. Louis Armstrong emerges as earthy and good-hearted; Bessie Smith as strong and willful but ultimately self-destructive; Fats Waller is an impish pleasure-seeker given to excellent music but poor business decisions; and Benny Goodman as gifted but tight-fisted and controlling. Taken as a whole, Jazz Anecdotes offers a look at jazz’s human side, including its foibles, genius, camaraderie, crookedness, and connection to an American society from which it sometimes stood apart. Its legendary figures are depicted as gifted, devoted artists who enjoyed hedonism, companionship, and particularly independence. If any single thing stands out in this book, it is the latter; for the figures in this work, jazz meant creativity and freedom, which they pursued with equal vigor and vitality. Crow, Bill. Jazz Anecdotes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday. (2016, Aug 28).

Loyalty and its role in customer relationship management 02222 Essay

Loyalty and its role in customer relationship management 02222 - Essay Example This severely reduces the customer retention of the firm. Therefore maintaining the loyalty of the customers is imperative to organizational success. The companies are constantly seeking out for new ways to retain their existing customers. This paper is based on the study of customer relationship and how it is important in maintaining the customer loyalty. The consumer behaviour can be explained as the response that the consumers express under certain circumstances. These circumstances are often on the grounds of introduction of new products or services, post purchase behaviour and gradual change in the consumption patter of the society. These factors are always studies by the marketers so that they can provide the proper value addition for the consumers (Allentuck, 2007). The loyal of a customer towards a brand is mostly dependent on hid post purchase behaviour, which is turn is related to the buying process of the customer. The buying process of the customers can be divided into stages like need recognition, information search, evaluating alternatives, finalizing the purchase, post purchase behaviour. Among these four stages the post purchase behaviour determines whether or not the customer will remain loyal to the company. Customer loyalty can be described by the customer’s tendency to voluntarily make repeated purchase from one particular company. Anderson and Kerr (2008) stated that customer loyalty is proportional to their satisfaction level; more satisfied a customer is, the more likely he is to make a repeat purchase. The satisfaction of a customer can be assessed by the following five dimensions, which are cognitive, affective, conative, situational and social norms (Anderson and Kerr, 2009). The level of cognition suggests the level of relevancy between the customers’ needs or preferences and the offered products or services. The Affective dimension indicates how the customer

Economics of Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Economics of Warfare - Essay Example The inconsistency in the evaluation occurs because of the endogenous regressor that measures the magnitude of the association. In an ordinary circumstance, both the direction of causation and the magnitude provides invaluable information to the policy analysts. Therefore, the use of instrumental variable provides estimates that assist in obtaining consistent parameters. The article by Miguel et al. (2004) that assessed Economic shocks and civil conflict provides a simple and most effective way of using instrumental variables. For that reason, the article was the most important paper to critique and use when explaining why and how to use the instrumental variable. Estimation of economic impacts from civil conflict is not a simple process because of the endogeneity and the likelihood of biases. Miguel et al (2004) used rainfall variations to simulate the instrumental variables to assess economic growth for 41 countries in Africa after the onsets of wars and civil conflict because most of the countries rely on rain-fed agriculture for economic growth. Miguel et al. (2004) noted that instrumental variables provided credible association between conflicts like civil wars, and financial condition takes a causal relationship rather than merely a correlation (p. 726). The study reported that instrumental variables use two separate equations to define one function. Each of the equation defines and specifies a particular relationship. For instance, one of the equations will explain the existing relationship between the outcome and the independent variable. The second equation will determine the association that exist between the outcome and the instrum ental variable. For instance, if Y refers to the result, V refers to the critical independent variable that measures the policy outcome, N refers to instrumental variable, x refers to the vector of controlled variable, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 signifies the parameters yet to be